Should Japanese Writing Be Horizontal or Vertical

Unlike languages that use Arabic characters in their alphabets, such as English, French, and German, many Asian languages can be written both horizontally and vertically. Japanese is no exception, but the rules and traditions mean there is not a lot of consistency in which direction the written word appears. There are three Japanese scripts: KanjiHiraganaKatakana Japanese is commonly written with a combination of all three.   Kanji are what are known as ideographic symbols, and hiragana and katakana are phonetic alphabets which make up the syllables of Japanese words. Kanji has several thousand characters, but hiragana and katakana only have 46 characters each. The rules on when to use which alphabet varies greatly and kanji words usually have more than one pronunciation, to add to the confusion.   Traditionally,  Japanese was only written vertically. Most  historical documents are written in this style. However, with the introduction of western materials, the alphabet, Arabic numbers, and mathematical formulas, it became less convenient to write things vertically. Science-related texts, which include many foreign words, gradually had to be changed to horizontal text.   Today most school textbooks, except those about Japanese or classical literature, are written horizontally. Most often its the young people who write this way. Though, some older people still prefer to write vertically citing that it looks more formal. Most general books are set in vertical text since most Japanese readers can comprehend the written language either way. But horizontal written Japanese  is the more common style in the modern  era.   Common Horizontal Japanese Writing Uses In some circumstances, it makes more sense to write Japanese characters horizontally. Particularly, thats the case when there are terms and phrases taken from foreign languages which cant be written vertically. For instance, most scientific and mathematical writing is done horizontally in Japan. It makes sense if you think about it; you cant change the ordering of an equation or a math problem from horizontal to vertical and have it retain the same meaning or interpretation.   Likewise, computer languages, especially those that originated in English, retain their horizontal alignment in Japanese texts.   Uses for Vertical Japanese Writing Vertical writing is still frequently used in Japanese, especially in popular culture printing like newspapers and novels. In some Japanese newspapers, such as the Asahi Shimbun, both vertical and horizontal text is used, with horizontal lettering more frequently used in the body copy of articles and vertical used in headlines.   For the most part musical notation in Japan is written horizontally, in keeping with the Western style. But for music played on traditional Japanese instruments such as the shakuhachi (bamboo flute) or the kugo (harp), the musical notation is usually written vertically.   Addresses on mailing envelopes and business cards are usually written vertically (although some business cards may have a horizontal English translation   The general rule of thumb is the more traditional and formal the writing, the more likely it will appear vertically in Japanese.

The contemporary Hollywood blockbuster is not so much a...

â€Å" I like ideas, especially movie ideas, that you can hold in your hand. If a person can tell me the idea in twenty-five words or less, its going to make a pretty good movie.† Steven Spielberg.’ For this essay I intend to discuss how Hollywood as an industry has used the marketing strategies of blockbuster films to significant advantage in film merchandising. Along with the use of mass merchandising as a form of marketing films, with the hope of creating awareness among the public. As merchandising has become one of the most lucrative ‘arenas’ for Hollywood Studios to earn a profit. Many blockbuster films today come with novelisations of the films story to toy action figures. This is because the contemporary Hollywood blockbusters, in†¦show more content†¦The book turned into a huge success, and spent nine months on the New York Times bestseller list. The book created a high level of anticipation for the film, which was released the following Christmas. The horror film The Omen (1976) further demonstrated the power of novelisations. The book sold over 3 million paperback copies of the book during the release of the film. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On a much grander scale, The Great Gatsby(1974) which was produced by Robert Evans at Paramount Studios had a revolutionary merchandising campaign. Robert Evans and Paramount’s then Promotions director Charles O. Glenn assembled a product tie-in scheme valued at $6million. The purpose of this scheme was to create ‘a third level of awareness’ for the film. To keep with the emphasis of the film, four brands where selected to represent the style and romance of the movie. These where Ballantine’s Scotch, Glemby hairstyling studios, Robert Bruce’s men’s sportswear, and du Pont’s ‘classic white’ line in cookware. Thou this merchandising campaign was revolutionary, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s daughter complained that â€Å"you have turned The Great Gatsby into pots and pans,† Paramount was able to emtablish the nostalgic, romantic image of the film, as evidenced by the strong exhibitor advances, th rough these extensive promotions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Two years after the release of the Great Gatsby, Paramount studios mounted an even more involved merchandising campaignShow MoreRelatedThe White Bollywood2340 Words   |  10 PagesIndia, it is often seen that films made in Hindi targeted at a larger audience, commonly known as mainstream movies or Bollywood films, employ a different grammar of filmmaking than that is used in so-called sensible or parallel cinema while representing or portraying different aspects and sections of society, race, culture, gender and class. In this paper, I try to focus on the representations of Caucasian characters, or the white, in popular Hindi cinema, or Bollywood films, and try to assess how they

Case Study Lonely Free Essays

1. Prepare a report in which you analyze the marketing channel conflicts and cannibalization issues that Lonely Planet faces as it is currently operating. Suggest solutions that might reduce revenue losses or operational frictions that result from these issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Lonely or any similar topic only for you Order Now Channel Conflict: when sales through the company’s web site interfere with sales in that company’s retail stores. The potential for significant channel conflict exists in Lonely Planet with the same product (books or content) being sold via multiple channel. Lonely Planet has worked hard to minimize channel conflict by selling books on their website only at the recommended retail price, therefore it does not undercutting their retail resellers. Moreover, most retailers hold only a small selection of the five hundred Lonely Planet titles, and for the many titles they do not hold, channel conflict is minimal. The CitySync product is also carefully positioned to reduce channel conflict, since it targets a specific segment (time-poor, cash-rich travelers) with a new offering that is somewhat different from the existing Lonely Planet city guidebooks. However, over time there may be some conflict between CitySync and products such as customized guidebooks. Cannibalization: The loss of traditional sales of a product to its electronic counterpart. The well-known travel guides company, Lonely Planet gives a lot of guides for free on its website. A few years ago, many major travel-guide publishers were concerned that Lonely Planet website will hurt their sales. If travelers have to travel on board, they could just go on the website in order to read all the information they need without buying the Lonely Planet travel guide paper version. But far from cannibalizing sales instead, the net has helped publishers build their brands and expand into new territory. Moreover, giving information on its own website is a way to do free advertising. Without this display of guides on the website, customer would not have bought the travel guide paper version. Lonely Planet and other leading publishers have recorded growth rates of 15% to 25% per year over the past four years, as much as their guidebook content has migrated online. 2. Prepare a list of a new products that Lonely Planet might introduce to take advantage of Internet technologies (including wireless technologies for mobile devices) and address customer’s concerns about the timeliness and currency of information in the printed travel guides. Briefly describe any problems that Lonely Planet will face as it introduces these new products. In 2008, Lonely Planet launched Pick Mix which enables travelers to go to a section of the Lonely Planet Website ( http://shop.lonelyplanet.com), select the country or region to which they are travelling and download the chapter for the place they are visiting. Rather than carry loose pages, chapters (served as PDF files) can be downloaded into a hand-held device or e-book reader. Interactive e-book travel guides: Emerging the best of both medium – digital and print – into one interactive ebook guide. Lonely Planet introduced e-books on ipad, so the layout and design is to flip through a guidebook and includes signature stunning images, expert author content and tips from local. Unlike traditional print guide book, the digital format allows to include over 3,000 hyperlinks so readers can get to a particular chapter or map with just a tap of a finger. Thus, travelers can get information on a particular region, point of interest or hotel/ restaurant without flipping through the pages. More, travelers can search terms in Google or Wikipedia for additional content. Travelers can also bookmark the places they don’t want to miss and make notes on the page, just like a print guidebook. Usually traditional publishing cycle for the print guides is every 2 years, but with e-books, it will be updated in a real time. However, unlike apps, ebook updates are not pushed out to end user, and readers will have the opportunity to repurchase the new edition. In addition, due to handheld’s limited memory and bandwidth, the new applications focus on cities, not countries. They obviously can not replace a guidebook for a month-long odyssey in Thailand or an exploration of Italy’s Amalfi Coast. Â  But for the traveler who wants to figure out how to spend a free afternoon or where to go for dinner, these mobile guides – plus a good map are ideal substitutes for printed guides. Lonely Planet therefore should continue to invest in product development to work with the likes of Apple, Google, Amazone, Nokia, etc. 3. Many loyal Lonely Planet customers carry their travel guides (which can be several hundred pages thick) with them as they travel around the world. In many cases, these customers do not use large portions of the travel guides. Also, Internet access can be a problem for many of these customers while they are travelling. Describe a product (or products) that might address this customer concern and also yield additional revenue for Lonely Planet. Your answer here could build on ideas that you developed in your solution to part2. By using interactive ebook travel guides, travelers doing longer trips do not need to carry three or four guidebooks during travelling. Travelers can buy the content directly and save it in their hand-held or ebook before they are going to travel on board if the current destination does not provide good internet connection. It is also an ease to carry around. Moreover, travelers can bookmark the places they don’t want to miss and make notes on the page, just like a print guidebook. How to cite Case Study Lonely, Free Case study samples

Sociology and Subcultures free essay sample

Subcultures are a significant part of society. They certainly play an important role in any individual life and help to explain how each person develops a frame of reference. Subcultures are simply a world within the larger world of a dominant culture. They are any corner in life in which peoples experiences lead them to have their own unique perceptions on the world. Everybody has their own perceptions on society, values, and life in general. Values, attitudes, gestures, and sanctions tend to stem from the dominant culture in ones life.Throughout the dominant culture that a person spends his or her time in learning and changing through different experiences many subcultures have developed. People have a variety of interests, careers, hobbies, values, and identities. Subcultures allow people who share similar interests to assimilate, socialize, gives them a sense of belonging and fellowship among peers. Countercultures have their own unique role in society. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Subcultures or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Countercultures are simply subcultures whose values or activities and goals are opposed or run mounted to that of the mainstream or dominant culture. Counterculture can also be described as a group whose behavior deviates from the societal norm. Countercultures can be both negative and positive. They can also become larger when more people are involved and assimilate into the mainstream just as subcultures in general have this potential. Biker Gangs, drug users, career criminals, prisoners, and terrorists have in cornrow that they all have negative perceptions from society and are countercultures. The March on Wall Street group of people can be considered counterculture and can be viewed as both positive and negative.Members of the underground Railroad who fought for freedom during times of slavery can be a counterculture viewed as positive today but at the time had a negative view by most of society. Today, society believes everybody is equal and has the same rights in America which is the mainstream culture. The colonists during the American Revolution were a counterculture to Great Britain. Personally, I was involved in the March on Orlando counterculture and have no problem admitting it.Conspiracy theorists are a part of countercultures as well and are viewed by mainstream society or culture in a negative connotation and therefore usually would not discuss this type of thing unless they were with other conspiracy theorists. Doctors, factory workers, electricians, basketball players, college students, etc are all subcultures. I am a part of the college student subculture, musician subculture, modern art, theatre, Greek, and French subculture. Depending on which society or culture referred to depends on the positive or negative perception on these things.My family is fairly conservative and I am fairly liberal, so we are in different political subcultures. I am a huge sports fan, so that would put me in that subculture. Within that subculture, my favorite football team is the Chicago Bears because am originally from the Chicago area. Florida culture is different than the culture of Montana. Central FL culture is different than the culture in the FL Keys. Am apart of the Central Florida subculture. I work for a tree company and have attended 12 step fellowships and motivational speakers which have their own subcultures.Ive traveled to many places and embrace cultural relativism. Certainly do not believe my way of looking at things is the only way of looking at things. Dont hold my own culture as a standard of judging ways of others. I am interested in Indian culture, Japanese culture, and European specifically French culture. I am looking to dive into the musician subculture further to find more subcultures. I am always looking to meet new people and share views and interests and am open-minded to becoming a part of new subcultures as well.The United States society has 1 asss of subcultures. I found learning about the how and why subcultures play a huge role in society to be quite invigorating. Im sure that there are subcultures and countercultures that am apart of and am unaware of it completely. Its virtually impossible for me to know everything there is on subcultures because there are so many of them. All in all I feel that people just want to be with people who share similar views on the world and thus subcultures and countercultures were formed and are huge in understanding how society works.